Cambios del pH salival por ingesta cariogénica y no cariogénica en preescolares de Huaura, Perú / Salivary pH changes caused by cariogenic and non-cariogenic food intake in preschoolers from Huaura, Peru

Introducción: El tipo de dieta influye directamente en el valor del pH salival, el cual es un factor importante para evitar la formación de caries. Objetivo: Evaluar el cambio del pH salival por ingesta cariogénica y no cariogénica en preescolares de una institución educativa de Huaura, Perú. Métodos: Esta investigación fue de tipo observacional, comparativo y longitudinal. El tamaño de muestra fue de 30 preescolares. Después que los niños consumieron dieta cariogénica y no cariogénica, se evaluó su pH a diferentes tiempos. Para el contraste de resultados se utilizó la prueba T Student y U de Mann-Whitney. Resultados: El pH salival con dieta no cariogénica a los cinco minutos fue 7,11 ± 0,19 y 7,09 ± 0,20, y, a los 40 minutos, 7,46 ± 0,19 y 7,42 ± 0,22, en mujeres y hombres, respectivamente. El pH salival con dieta cariogénica en mujeres fue 6,56 ± 0,21 a los cinco minutos y 7,15 ± 0,12 a los 60 minutos; mientras que, en los hombres, para iguales rangos de tiempos fue 6,47 ± 0,32 y 7,23 ± 0,22, respectivamente. Al realizar las comparaciones entre grupos de dieta cariogénica y no cariogénica se observaron diferencias muy significativas (p < 0,01). Conclusiones: Para la dieta cariogénica el pH disminuye como máximo a los cinco minutos y se restablece a partir de los 60 minutos. Para la dieta no cariogénica disminuye en el mismo tiempo pero se recupera a los 40 minutos, siendo este proceso similar en ambos géneros(AU)

Introduction: Salivary pH, an important factor in caries prevention, is under the direct influence of diet type. Objective: Evaluate salivary pH changes caused by cariogenic and non-cariogenic food intake in preschoolers from an educational institution in Huaura, Peru. Methods: An observational longitudinal comparative study was conducted of a sample of 30 preschoolers. After the children consumed cariogenic and non-cariogenic food, their salivary pH was evaluated at various times. Student's t-test and the Mann-Whitney U test were used to contrast results. Results: Salivary pH with a non-cariogenic diet at five minutes was 7.11 ± 0.19 and 7.09 ± 0.20; whereas at 40 minutes it was 7.46 ± 0.19 and 7.42 ± 0.22, in female and male participants, respectively. Salivary pH with a cariogenic diet in women was 6.56 ± 0.21 at five minutes and 7.15 ± 0.12 at 60 minutes, whereas values in men for the same time ranges were 6.47 ± 0.32 and 7.23 ± 0.22, respectively. Comparison between the cariogenic and non-cariogenic diet groups revealed very significant differences (p < 0.01). Conclusions: With a cariogenic diet, pH is reduced at five minutes maximum, and is restored as of 60 minutes. With a non-cariogenic diet, pH is reduced in the same time period, but is restored at 40 minutes. This process is similar in the two genders(AU)

Caries en niños. ¿Maltrato infantil o ignorancia parental? / Caries in children. Child abuse or parental ignorance?

El maltrato infantil es un tema polémico en la actualidad, y se caracteriza por realizar acciones u omisiones intencionales destinadas a menoscabar o afectar la integridad física y/o psicológica de un menor. Frecuentemente se considera a la caries en niños como un indicador objetivo de maltrato infantil. La caries es una enfermedad extremadamente común en la población infantil en México y en el mundo, por lo que su relación con el maltrato infantil carece de un sustento real. El desarrollo de caries en niños no es un evento premeditado ni intencional, es más bien la consecuencia de malos hábitos higiénicos y dietéticos que el odontólogo tiene la obligación de corregir y erradicar para asistir a los pacientes pediátricos a recuperar su salud bucodental. El objetivo del presente artículo es debatir la relación entre la caries temprana de la infancia y el maltrato infantil (AU)

Child abuse is currently a controversial issue and is characterized by intentional actions or omissions intended to undermine the physical and/or psychological integrity of a minor. Caries in children is often considered an objective indicator of child abuse. Caries is an extremely common disease in the child population in Mexico and in the world, so its relationship with child abuse lacks any real support. The development of cavities in children is not a premeditated or intentional event, it is rather the consequence of poor hygienic and dietary habits that the dentist has the obligation to correct and eradicate in order to assist pediatric patients to regain their oral health. The aim of this article is to discuss the relationship between early childhood caries and child abuse (AU)

Can Schoolchildren Substitute Mothers' Reports of Cariogenic Foods Consumption?

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the influence de two instruments for evaluation of cariogenic foods consumption by schoolchildren. Material and Methods: The convenience sample comprised of 30 active-caries children (7-10 years old) attended in a public dental clinic and their mothers, who have not received dietary orientation before study. A trained evaluator administered the Previous Day Food Questionnaire (PDFQ) to children and other examiner applied the 24-hour dietary recall with mothers. Internal consistency between PDFQ and 24-hour dietary recall regarding frequency of sugar intake was calculated using intraclass correlation coefficient. Bivariate analyses (Mann-Whitney test) were performed to investigate the factors associated with frequency of sugar intake when using both instruments (α=0.05). Results: A moderate correlation (ICC = 0.51; 95%CI: -0.04-0.77; p=0.03) was found between instruments. Mean frequency of sugar intake reported by mothers and children was 3.5 (± 1.8) and 3.7 (± 1.5) times a day, respectively. When using the PDFQ, the frequency of cariogenic foods consumption varied depending on frequency of toothbrushing, i.e., children that had higher frequency of sugar intake brushed their teeth at least two times a day (p=0.016). Conclusion: Previous Day Food Questionnaire applied with schoolchildren could substitute the mothers' reports of cariogenic foods consumption when dietary interventions for controlling dental caries are necessary. If doubts remain regarding the children's response, mothers should be consulted.

Saúde bucal de pré-escolares: do processo carioso aos fatores determinantes e moduladores / Preschool oral health: from carious process to determining and modulators

Objetivo: objetivou-se avaliar a experiência de cárie e seus fatores determinantes e moduladores em pré- -escolares de um centro de educação infantil localizado no estado do Ceará. Método: trata-se de um estudo exploratório, descritivo e de abordagem quantitativa realizado com crianças do infantil IV e V do Centro de Educação Infantil Francisca Arruda de Pontes (Redenção, CE) e suas mães. Após consentimento, as mães responderam um questionário contendo perguntas desde os aspectos socioeconômicos e acompanhamento pelo serviço de saúde a conhecimento das doenças bucais. Posteriormente, as crianças foram submetidas à avaliação odontológica para registro do índice CEO-D, o qual corresponde à soma do número de dentes decíduos cariados (c), com extração indicada (e) e restaurados (o). Os dados foram tabulados e descritos como frequência relativa e absoluta. Resultados: das mães, 80,75% tinham renda de até 1 salário mínimo, 61,53% utilizavam creme dental na higiene oral de seu filho e 48,07% desconheciam as doenças bucais. Das crianças, 65,38% não eram atendidas pelo cirurgião-dentista e 50,00% consumiam diariamente bolacha doce. Das crianças avaliadas, 52,50% tinham dentes cariados, 70,00% não apresentavam dentes com extração indicada e nenhuma tinha dentes obturados/restaurados. A média do índice CEO-D foi 1,325. Conclusão: conclui-se que as crianças, apesar de terem baixa prevalência de cárie, apresentam, como fatores de risco determinantes, uma dieta cariogênica e, como fatores de risco moduladores, um reduzido conhecimento sobre doenças bucais, higiene oral inadequada, renda familiar insuficiente, baixa escolaridade e limitada procura por serviço de saúde, especialmente o odontológico.(AU)

Objective: to evaluate the experience of caries and its determining and modulating factors in preschoolers at an early childhood education center located in the state of Ceará. Method: this is an exploratory, descriptive study with a quantitative approach carried out with children from infant IV and V of the Francisca Arruda de Pontes Early Childhood Center (Redenção, CE) and their mothers. After consent, the mothers answered a questionnaire containing questions from the socioeconomic aspects and monitoring by the health service to knowledge of oral diseases. Subsequently, the children underwent dental evaluation to record the dmf Index, which corresponds to the sum of the number of decayed primary teeth (d), missing (m) and filled (f). The data were tabulated and described as relative and absolute frequency. Results: of the mothers, 80.75% had an income of up to 1 minimum wage, 61.53% used toothpaste in their child's oral hygiene and 48.07% were unaware of oral diseases. Of the children, 65.38% were not attended by the dentist and 50.00% consumed sweet cookies daily. Of the children evaluated, 52.50% had decayed teeth, 70.00% did not have teeth with indicated extraction and none had filled/ restored teeth. The average of the dmf Index was 1.325. Conclusion: it is concluded that children, despite having a low prevalence of caries, present, as determining risk factors, a cariogenic diet and, as modulating risk factors, a reduced knowledge about oral diseases, inadequate oral hygiene, family income insufficient, low education and limited demand for health services, especially dental care.(AU)

Programa de Promoción y Educación para la Salud Bucal, Destinado a Niños y Adolescentes Hospitalizados / Oral Health Education and Promotion Program for Hospitalized Children and Adolescents

La enfermedad sistémica es uno de los riesgos asociados al desarrollo de enfermedades bucales. Este programa fue orientado a promover la salud bucal de niños y adolescentes internados en la clínica de la cátedra de Pediatría del Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín". Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal sobre una muestra de 1140 individuos registrados entre los años 2008 y 2018. El objetivo fue analizar las variables que afectan su salud bucal. Para ello, cursantes de la Carrera de especialización en Odontopediatría de la UBA implementaron semanalmente un Programa de Promoción y Educación para la salud bucal, destinado a niños internados y sus acompañantes. Para el registro de caries se utilizó el Índice de Necesidad de Tratamiento comunitario (INTc), se analizó la dieta, el riesgo social y la presencia o no de cepillo dental. Se realizó prueba de Chi cuadrado para la comparación de las variables cualitativas, cálculo de medias, rangos, porcentajes y desvíos. Como resultado se observaron diferencias significativas del INTc en los pacientes con dieta cariogénica entre los distintos grupos de edad. El coeficiente asociado a la dieta es aproximadamente 5 veces mayor que el asociado al uso de cepillo. El INTc evidenció una media en preescolares de 2.45 con DS 2.47, en escolares de 4.59 con DS de 3.33 y en adolescentes fue de 4.02 con DS de 3.15. En conclusión, la salud bucal no está separada de la salud general, por lo que se destaca la necesidad de incorporar al odontólogo dentro del grupo interdisciplinario que atiende a niños hospitalizados. La dieta cariogénica fue la covariables con mayor efecto y luego el uso de cepillo dental (AU)

Risk Factors of Dental Caries: Consumption of Sugary Snacks Among Indonesian Adolescents

Objective: To determine the risk factors of caries among adolescents in Padang City, by assessing the frequency of sugary snack consumption. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 150 randomly selected junior high school students using a selfadministered questionnaire along with oral examinations. The questionnaire consisted of questions on socio-demographic characteristics, oral health behavior, and frequency of consumption of sugary foods. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square tests and multivariate analysis. Results: Dental caries was found in 61% of the total students and was more prevalent in males when compared with females. The mean DMFT score was 1.3±1.4. Sugary snack consumption, attitude, and protective factors were significantly related to the occurrence of caries (p<0.001). The risk of dental caries in subjects with high amounts of sugary snack consumption was 5.67 times higher (OR=5.7; CI: 2.7-11.9) than those with low consumption. Subjects with low protective factors, high consumption of sugary foods and drinks, and bad attitude presented with a caries prevalence of 94%. Conclusion: The consumption of sugary foods was found to play an important role in the development of caries in the current study.

Feeding Practices of Potential Risk to Dental Caries in Early Childhood and its Relationship with Sociodemographic Variables and Prematurity

Objective: To verify the relationship of feeding practices of potential risk to dental caries in early childhood with sociodemographic variables, prematurity and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit admission (NICU). Material and Methods: Data from medical records of infants and preschool children, including feeding practices (breastfeeding, bottle feeding, feeding during sleep, introduction and frequency of sugar use), sociodemographic variables, prematurity and NICU admission were collected. Chi-square, Fisher and Maximum Likelihood Ratio tests were used. Results: The number of medical records was 222 in the age group of 01-45 months. Breastfeeding was not present in 66.7% of preterm infants (p=0.003) and 66.1% of infants admitted at NICU (p=0.011). The use of feeding bottle occurred in 58.4% of infants whose mothers work / study; 58.4% of preterm infants and 60.9% of children admitted at NICU (p<0.001). Feeding during sleep occurred in 70.5% of infants aged 1-24 months (p<0.001); 51.4% were single children (p=0.010) and 76.7% did not attend daycare centers (p=0.003). The introduction of sugar occurred in 60.6% in the age group of 01-24 months. The use of sugar more than 3x / day occurred in 52.6% of infants aged 25-45 months (p=0.003) and; 51.8% with mothers whose schooling corresponded to elementary school (p=0.039). Conclusion: Among caries-risk feeding practices, there was relationship between breastfeeding and prematurity and NICU admission; use of feeding bottle and mothers who worked and / or studied, prematurity and NICU admission; feeding during sleep and younger children, single child and those who did not attend daycare centers; and higher frequency of sugar use and older infants, and maternal schooling corresponding to elementary school.

Nivel de riesgo e incidencia de caries en niños atendidos en clínica estomatológica de pregrado / Risk level and caries incidence in children attended at a predoctoral stomatology clinic

Antecedentes: La caries tiene etiología multifactorial, se presenta por desbalance entre factores patológicos y protectores, es un problema de salud pública que en México afecta a 95% de los niños. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de caries, establecer el nivel de riesgo y evaluar su relación con la incidencia de caries a los tres y seis meses. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y longitudinal en clínica estomatológica de una universidad ubicada al sur de la Ciudad de México. Previo consentimiento informado, se realizó revisión bucal por dos cirujanos dentistas calibrados para el diagnóstico de caries/ICDAS (kappa 95.37%), llevada a cabo en sillón dental con luz artificial bajo principios para el control de infecciones. Se estableció nivel de riesgo mediante el Sistema Internacional para la Gestión de Caries/ICCMS empleando como indicadores: consumo de alimentos cariogénicos (Lipari/Andrade), pH (tiras Hidryon), prueba de saliva estimulada, experiencia de caries (CPOD/ceod), higiene bucal (O'Leary) y cultivo de Streptococcus mutans. Se realizó análisis estadístico para determinar medidas de tendencia central, dispersión y asociación entre variables mediante exacta de Fisher, STATA.SE/10. Resultados: La población en estudio fue de 42 niños con rango de edad de tres a 15 años, mediana de 7.04 (RIC = 5-9). La prevalencia de caries fue 95.23%, con estadios severos en 83.3%, el nivel de riesgo fue alto en 73.7% y se asoció con severidad de caries (p = 0.000), consumo de carbohidratos (p = 0.000), experiencia de caries (ceod) (p = 0.000) y S. mutans (p = 0.000). La incidencia de caries a los tres meses fue de 71.0% y a los seis meses de 11.1%. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de caries fue alta (95.23%) así como el riesgo de caries (73.7%), con elevada incidencia a tres meses (71%), aun cuando los pacientes estaban en tratamiento odontológico. La atención restaurativa prevalece a pesar de hacer diagnóstico de lesiones reversibles y determinación del nivel de riesgo (AU)

Background: Caries has multifactorial etiology, presented by the imbalance between pathological/protective factors, is a public health problem, affecting 95% of children in México. Objective: To determine the prevalence of caries, to establish the level of risk and to evaluate its relation with incidence of caries at three and six months. Material and methods: Observational, descriptive and longitudinal study in the stomatologic clinic of the UAM-Xochimilco. Before informed consent, oral revision was performed by two dental surgeons calibrated for the diagnosis of caries/ICDAS (kappa 95.37%), carried out in dental chair with artificial light under principles for the control of infections. Risk level was established through the International System for Caries Management/ICCMS; using as indicators: consumption of cariogenic foods (Lipari/Andrade), pH (Hidryon strips), stimulated saliva test, caries experience (CPOD/ceod), oral hygiene (O'Leary) and culture of Streptococcus mutans. Statistical analysis was performed to determine measures of central tendency, dispersion and association between variables with Fisher's exact, STATA.SE/10. Results: The study population consisted of 42 children with ages ranging from 3 to 15 years, median of 7.04 (Q1 = 5-Q3 = 9). The prevalence of caries was 95.23%, with severe stages in 83.3%, the risk level was high in 73.7% and was associated with caries severity (p = 0.000), carbohydrate consumption (p = 0.000), caries experience (ceod) (p = 0.000) and S. mutans (p = 0.000). The incidence of caries at three months was 71.0% and at six months 11.1%. Conclusions: The prevalence of caries was high (95.23%), as well as the risk for caries (73.7%), and high incidence at three months (71%), despite the fact that the patients were in dental treatment. Restorative care prevails despite the diagnosis of reversible lesions and determination of the level of risk (AU)

Utilização do diário alimentar no diagnóstico do consumo de sacarose em odontopediatria: revisão de literatura / Use of the food diary for diagnosing sucrose intake in pediatric dentistry: literature review

Objetivo: o presente trabalho tem por objetivo a realizaçãode uma revisão de literatura sobre a utilizaçãodo diário alimentar para diagnóstico do uso de sacarosee para o controle da cárie. Revisão de literatura:a cárie dentária está intimamente relacionada à dietaalimentar, principalmente à ingestão de carboidratos.Uma dieta rica em sacarose, além de promover umdescontrole no biofilme, descontrola as funções fisiológicasda saliva, a microbiota bacteriana, bem comoa saúde bucal por completo. Os hábitos presentes nadieta infantil constituem um fator importante para a determinaçãoda etiologia e o desenvolvimento da cáriedentária, por isso é fundamental a orientação quanto àsaúde bucal e, principalmente, ao consumo racional deaçúcar. Considerações finais: diante disso, os cuidadoscom os elementos dentários e a prevenção da cárie deveminiciar desde a infância. Para este fim, são de sumaimportância, além de uma boa higiene oral, uma dietaadequada às crianças e mudanças de atitudes dos paissobre a alimentação infantil. (AU)

Objective: the present study aims to perform a literature review on the use of the food diary to diagnose the use of sucrose and to control caries. Literature review: dental caries is closely related to diet, especially to carbohydrate intake. A diet rich in sucrose promotes the lack of control of biofilm and the physiological functions of saliva, bacterial microbiota, and the entire oral health. The habits present in the infant diet are important factors to determine the etiology and development of dental caries, so it is essential to instruct children about oral health and especially about the rational consumption of sugar. Final considerations: therefore, the care for dental elements and caries prevention should start at childhood. Hence, proper oral hygiene, as well as an adequate diet for children and changes in the attitudes of parents regarding infant diet habits is of utmost importance. (AU)

Enfermedades bucales y factores de riesgo en la población geriátrica perteneciente a un consultorio médico / Oral diseases and risk factors in the geriatric population of a family doctor's office

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal, desde noviembre de 2016 hasta abril de 2017, de los 166 adultos mayores pertenecientes al consultorio médico No 20 del Policlínico Carlos Juan Finlay del municipio de Santiago de Cuba, para evaluar la presencia de enfermedades bucodentales y los factores de riesgo. Para la recolección de la información se utilizó la encuesta de salud bucal de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y la historia de salud bucal familiar. Los hábitos nocivos como la deficiente higiene bucal y la dieta cariogénica, además de las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, fueron los factores de riesgo más comunes en esta población, en quienes la disfunción masticatoria y la caries dental constituyeron los problemas principales

A descriptive and cross-sectional study of 166 elderly belonging to the family doctor office No 20 of Carlos J Finlay Polyclinic in the municipality of Santiago de Cuba, was carried out from November, 2016 to April, 2017, to evaluate the presence of oral-dental diseases and risk factors. The survey of oral health from the World Health Organization and the medical record of family oral health were used for gathering the information. Harmful habits as poor oral hygiene and a cariogenic diet, besides non communicable chronic diseases, were the most common risk factors in this population, for whom masticatory dysfuntion and dental decay constituted the main problems

Determinant Factors of Dental Caries in Indonesian Children Age 8-12 Years

Objective: To evaluate the determinant factors of dental caries in Indonesian children aged 8-12 years. Material and Methods: This study was observational and analytical with a cross-sectional design. A total of 114 children were selected using simple random sampling technique. Primary data was obtained from a questionnaire about tooth brushing habits, the use of toothpaste containing fluoride and cariogenic eating habits and data of dental caries obtained from direct observed by a dentist. Univariat data were analyzed using descriptive and bivariate data were analyzed using Chi-square tests. Results: The results obtained by 44.8% fair category of children who have toothbrushing habits, use of toothpaste containing fluoride was 100%, and 71% middle category children who have cariogenic eating habits. The most consumed cariogenic food was ice cream with 76.3% participants consumed it one to three times a week. The most eaten cariogenic foods every day in this sample were syroup/pop ice soft drink (42.1%). No significant association between gender and dental caries incidence was observed (p>0.05). Conclusion: There is significant association between tooth brushing habits with dental caries in Indonesian children aged 8-12 years at primary school in district of East Luwu Regency Tomoni.

The role of human milk and sucrose on cariogenicity of microcosm biofilms

Abstract This study investigated the effect of human milk, alone and associated with sucrose, in the cariogenicity of biofilms in a microcosm biofilm model and compared with the cariogenicity of sucrose and bovine milk. Microcosm biofilms were grown in enamel discs in 24-well plates. Six growth conditions were studied: DMM (chemically defined artificial saliva - negative control), DMM with 1% of sucrose (DMM+s) (positive control), human milk with DMM, human milk with DMM+s, bovine milk with DMM, and bovine milk with DMM+s. After 5 days, the outcome variables surface hardness change (%SHC), microbiological composition of biofilms, and pH of supernatant were analyzed. All groups had significantly lower hardness loss compared to the DMM group with 1% of sucrose. Human and bovine milk associated with sucrose showed higher hardness loss. The supernatant pH values after 6 hours of different treatments were similar for the groups sucrose and human milk associated with sucrose (p>0.05). After 18 hours at rest in pure DMM, an increase in the pH of the supernatant was observed. Higher values of total microorganisms count were found for sucrose and bovine milk groups compared to the group supplemented only by DMM. Bovine milk group showed greater amount of total aciduric microorganisms in comparison to human milk group. Within the limits of this study, it can be infered that both human and cow milks have some cariogenic potential, although differing from sucrose in terms of mineral loss.

Componentes y determinantes del estado de salud bucal en pacientes de un consultorio médico de la familia / Components and determining factors of the oral health state in patients from a family doctor´s office

Se llevó a cabo un estudio epidemiológico, descriptivo y transversal de 1660 pacientes, quienes pertenecían al Consultorio Médico de la Familia No 1 del Policlínico Universitario Julián Grimau de Santiago de Cuba, desde marzo del 2015 hasta igual periodo del 2016, con vistas a determinar el estado de salud bucal de esta población. Se realizó el examen bucal con el depresor lingual y la ayuda de la luz natural o artificial. También se desarrolló la lluvia de ideas como técnica cualitativa. La higiene bucal deficiente y la dieta cariogénica fueron los factores de riesgo que más incidieron en el aumento de la morbilidad bucal, lo cual demostró la necesidad de tratamiento de estos pacientes

An epidemiologic, descriptive and cross-sectional study of 1660 patients who belonged to the Family Doctor´s Office No 1 of Julián Grimau University Polyclinic in Santiago de Cuba, was carried out from March, 2015 to the same period in 2016, aimed at determining the oral health state of this population. The oral exam with the lingual depressor and the help of natural or artificial light was carried out. The brainstorm as qualitative technique was also developed. The poor oral hygiene and the cariogenic diet were the risk factors that impacted the most in the increase of oral morbidity, which demonstrated the necessity of treatment for these patients

Análise de Ph, Sólidos Solúveis Totais e Alterações Microestruturais em Esmalte Promovidas por Refrigerantes à Base de Cola / Analysis of Ph, Total Soluble Solids and Microstructural Changes in Enamel Promoted by Cola-Addedsoft Drinks

Objetivo: Avaliar o pH, a quantidade de sólidos solúveis totais (SST) de diferentes apresentações comerciais de refrigerantes (A - Coca-Cola®; B - Coca-Cola Zero®; C Coca-Cola Light®), e as alterações microestruturais promovidas por estes refrigerantes na estrutura adamantina. Material e Métodos: A avaliação do pH foi realizada mediante o uso de pHmetro digital (Quimis®), executando-se três aferições para cada amostra, sendo o pH final obtido pelo cálculo da média destes valores. Para a quantificação dos SST (°Brix) utilizou-se 4 gotas de cada produto e com auxílio de um refratômetro (Atago®), com faixa de leitura de °Brix de 0~32%, obteve-se o valor de °Brix dos produtos analisados, sendo a média obtida por meio de três aferições para cada refrigerante. Blocos de esmalte bovino foram submetidos à exposição dos refrigerantes por 5 minutos e posteriormente preparados e analisados em microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Resultados: Os valores de pH e SST (média e desvio padrão) para as amostras foram, respectivamente: A - 2,54(±0,03); 9,47%(±1,29%); B 2,88(±0,04); 0,0%(±0,0%); C - 3,10(±0,03); 0,0%(±0,0%). As microfotografias revelaram dissolução na periferia dos prismas de esmalte, bem como presença de perda da integridade superficial. Conclusão: As bebidas analisadas apresentam potencial erosivo, promovendo alterações na microestrutura adamantina indicativas de erosão, em consequência do seu baixo pH. Somente a Coca-Cola® demonstrou potencial cariogênico, conferido pela presença de SST. (AU)

Objective: To evaluate the pH, the amount of total soluble solids (TSS) of different commercial presentations of soft drinks (A - Coke®; B ­ Coke Zero®, C - Diet Coke®), and the microstructural changes promoted by these soft drinks in the adamantine structure. Materials and Methods: The pH evaluation was performed by a digital pH meter (Quimis®) by running three measurements for each sample, and the final pH was obtained by calculating the average of these values. For SST (°Brix) quantification, 4 drops of each product were used to acquire the °Brix values, which were determined by a refractometer (Atago®) with a read range of 0~32%.Means of three measurements were obtained for each product. Bovine enamel blocks were exposed to soft drinks for 5 minutes and then prepared and analyzed in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results: The values of pH and TSS (mean and standard deviation) for the samples were, respectively: A - 2.54 (± 0.03); 9.47% (± 1.29%); B - 2.88 (± 0.04); 0.0% (± 0.0%); C - 3.10 (± 0.03); 0.0% (± 0.0%). The micrographs showed dissolution on the edgesof enamel prisms, as well as loss of surface integrity. Conclusion: The soft drinks analyzed showederosive potential, promoting changes in the adamantine microstructure, which can be explained due to the low pH of the drinks. Only Coke® showed cariogenic potential, given the presence of SST. (AU)

Avaliação de diários alimentares de crianças atendidas na clínica infantil de uma universidade privada de São Paulo / Daily food records evaluation of children treated in children's dental clinic of a private universidade de São Paulo

Como o início da ingestão da sacarose tem sido cada vez mais precoce, a avaliação da dieta infantil tem sido fundamental para enquadrar o paciente em um programa preventivo odontológico de qualidade e eficiência, para promoção de saúde bucal. Para a pesquisa, foram utilizados 60 diários alimentares, obtidos de prontuários de crianças atendidas na Clínica Odontológica Infantil de uma universidade privada de São Paulo, após aprovação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa (CAAE 49117815.0.000.5512). O objetivo foi estabelecer o risco cariogênico da dieta. Esses diários foram analisados em relação à frequência de ingestão de sacarose e à pegajosidade dos alimentos ingeridos, para determinação do risco cariogênico da dieta. A pegajosidade dos alimentos ingeridos nas refeições principais e nas entre refeições apresentou uma diferença estatisticamente significante (p=0,0003). O número de entre refeições, apresentou um valor maior que o preconizado para um risco cariogênico baixo da dieta, que seria dois, porém não mostrou resultado estatisticamente significante. Os resultados permitiram concluir que o risco cariogênico da dieta foi alto e que para a elaboração de um protocolo preventivo é necessária a avaliação dos alimentos que apresentam consistência pegajosa, que implicam em um maior risco cariogênico da dieta, assim como a frequência de ingestão de alimentos, principalmente os que contem sacarose. Palavras-chave: cárie dental; dieta cariogênica; fatores de risco(AU)

Since the ingestion of sucrose has been increasingly premature, the assessment of a child's diet has been essential to integrate the patient in a quality and efficiency preventive dental program in order to promote the oral health. For the research, it was used 60 daily food records from the children treated at Children's Dental Clinic of the Universidade Paulista (FOUNIP) - Campus Indianópolis, São Paulo, after sanction by the Research Ethics Committee (CAAE 49117815.0.000.5512). The diaries were analyzed by the frequency of ingestion of sucrose and the stickiness of the food ingested, to determine the cariogenic risk's in a diet. The stickiness of the food eaten at main meals and between the meals showed a statistically significant difference (p = 0.0003). The number between meals, presented an higher recommended value for a low risk cariogenic diet, although it would be two, however it presented no significant results. Moreover, the results presented that for the preparation of a preventive protocol is necessary to estimate foods that have sticky consistency, which results in an higher cariogenic risk in a diet, furthermore as the frequency of ingested food, especially those that contain sucrose.(AU)

Principales afecciones dentomaxilofaciales en estudiantes de 12 años de la Escuela Secundaria Básica Urbana "Antonio Maceo Grajales" / Main dental and maxillofacial disorders in 12-year students from "Antonio Maceo Grajales" urban high schoo

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 84 estudiantes de 12 años de la Escuela Secundaria Básica Urbana "Antonio Maceo Grajales" de Santiago de Cuba, atendidos en la Clínica Estomatológica Provincial Docente "Mártires del Moncada" de esta ciudad, desde septiembre de 2012 hasta junio de 2013, para determinar las principales afecciones dentomaxilofaciales en ellos. Se tomaron en cuenta las variables: sexo, edad, factores de riesgo de las afecciones bucales, hábitos bucales deformantes (succión digital, lengua protráctil, respiración bucal y onicofagia); estados de la dentición, gingival y de la oclusión, clasificación epidemiológica, examen extrabucal y necesidad de tratamiento. En la casuística predominaron el sexo femenino, la higiene bucal deficiente, la dieta cariogénica y la onicofagia. Se concluyó que era indispensable elevar los conocimientos sobre salud bucal para prevenir afecciones estomatológicas...

A descriptive and cross-sectional study of 84 students with 12 years of age from "Antonio Maceo Grajales" urban high school in Santiago de Cuba, assisted in "Mártires del Moncada" Stomatological Teaching Provincial Clinic of this city was carried out from September, 2012 to June, 2013 to determine the main dental and maxillofacial disorders in them. The variables: sex, age, risk factors of the oral disorders, deforming oral habits (digital suction, protractil tongue, oral breathing and onichophagy); teeth, gingiva and occlusion states, epidemiologic classification, extraoral exam and treatment needs, were taken into account. The female sex, scarce oral hygiene, the cariogenic diet and the onichophagia prevailed in the case material. It is concluded that it was necessary to elevate knowledge on oral health to prevent stomatological disorders...

Saúde e qualidade de vida de adolescentes de um assentamento rural no Pontal do Paranapanema-SP / Health and quality of life of adolescents who live in a rural settlement in Pontal do Paranapanema-SP

Hábitos, comportamentos, saúde bucal e qualidade de vida de adolescentes têm sido foco de pesquisas atuais, mas poucas retratam a situação daqueles que habitam regiões rurais e remotas, considerados socialmente excluídos. Objetivou-se verificar os hábitos alimentares e de higiene, o comportamento social, consumo de álcool e tabaco, Índice de Massa Corpórea (IMC),condição de saúde bucal, necessidades de tratamento odontológico, o impacto da saúde bucal na qualidade de vida de adolescentes de assentamento rural no Brasil, frente à iniquidade de acesso aos serviços odontológicos. Neste estudo epidemiológico transversal, 180 jovens entre 11 e 18 anos, de um assentamento rural, foram examinados e entrevistados, utilizando-se os instrumentos The Global School-based Student Health Survey, WHOQOLBref (World Health Organization - Quality of Life) e OIDP (Oral Impact on Daily Performance). Os índices CPO-D (dentes cariados, perdidos e obturados) e IPC (índice periodontal comunitário) foram empregados em exame clínico. Nas análises bivariadas foram aplicados os testes Qui-quadrado, Exato de Fisher, Mann-Whitney e, posteriormente, o modelo de Regressão Logística. Quanto ao acesso, 53,3% dos entrevistados consultaram um cirurgião-dentista no último ano e, o restante, há mais de dois anos. A dor foi o principal motivo da última consulta (69,5%). Os adolescentes consumiam refrigerantes (25,2%), fastfoods e lanches (41,9%), chá ou café adoçado (59,8%). A higiene bucal era realizada com palito de dentes (19,0%) e escovação (97,2%); o fio dental não era usado por 71,5% dos entrevistados. Do total, 12,9% relataram dificuldade para mastigar pelos problemas bucais e, apesar de 55,8% dos jovens terem demonstrado satisfação com a aparência dentária, 19,6% evitavam sorrir. Verificou-se consumo de bebida alcoólica (32,4%), tabagismo (3,9%) e sobrepeso (13,4%). O CPO-D médio foi 5,49 (± 3,33), sendo que a maioria (58,9%) teve CPO-D ≥ 5. Periodontites foram notadas em 37,2%...

Habits, behavior, oral health and quality of life of adolescents have been focused on recent researches, but few of them study situation of those who lives in rural and remote areas, considered socially excluded. It was aimed to verify diet and hygiene habits, behaviors, consumption of alcohol and tobacco, Body Mass Index (BMI), oral health condition, needs for dental treatment, impact of oral health on quality of life of adolescents from rural settlement in Brazil, considering inequality in dental services accessibility. In this crosssectional and epidemiological survey, 180 11- to 18- years-old adolescents from rural settlement were interviewed and examined, using the instruments: Global School-based Student Health Survey, WHOQOL-Bref (World Health Organization - Quality of Life) and OIDP (Oral Impact on Daily Performance). DMFT (decayed, missing and filled teeth) and CPI (community periodontal index) indexes were applied in oral examination. In bivariate analysis, Chi-squared, Fisher’s and Mann-Whitney Tests were used, and lately, logistic regression model. About the access, 53.3% of interviewed people consulted a dentist over the last year and the other part, more than two years ago. Toothache was the main reason for the last consult (69.5%). The adolescents consumed soft-drinks (25.2%), fast-foods and snacks (41.9%), sugared tea or coffee (59.8%). Oral hygiene was performed with toothpick (19.0%) and toothbrushing (97.2%); dental fosse was not used by 71.5 of population. Overall, 12.9% reported difficulty on chewing due to oral problems, and although 55.8% of adolescents had demonstrated satisfaction with own dental appearance, 19.6% avoided to smile. It was noted consumption of alcoholic drinks (32.4%), tobacco (3.9%) and 13.4% was obese. DMFT average was 5.49 (± 3,33) and the majority (58.9%) had DMFT ≥ 5. Periodontitis were observed in 37.2% of population, mainly gingival bleeding (77.7%). Needs for dental treatment were concentrated on restorations...

Association among salivary flow rate, caries risk and nutritional status in pre-schoolers / Relación entre la tasa de flujo salival, riesgo de caries y estado nutricional en niños pre-escolares

Modéer T. et al. (2011) afirman que en las poblaciones de adolescentes obesos existe asociación entre reducción de tasa de flujo salival y caries. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la asociación entre el estado nutricional, la tasa de flujo salival y el riesgo de caries en preescolares. Se estudiaron 60 niños de 3 a 6 años de edad, que concurrían a Jardines de Infantes del conurbano de la ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina. En este grupo de niños se midió el peso corporal y la talla. Se calculó el índice de masa corporal y se categorizó antropométricamente a la población según OMS 2007. (Programa WHO Anthro). Se determinó el riesgo de caries. La saliva se recolectó en frascos estériles, graduados, de boca ancha sin estimulación y sin restricciones alimentarias. Se determinó la tasa de flujo salival (TFS). El análisis estadísticos e realizó con el Test de Pearson. Presentaron caries el 56.7 por ciento (IC95 por ciento: 37.7-74.0) de los niños adecuados (Ad) antropométricamente y el 37.0 por ciento (IC95 por ciento: 20.1-57.5) de los niños con sobrepeso y obesidad (SP/O). El odds ratio para caries (OR=3.78; IC95 por ciento: 1.2–11.8, p=0.02) fue casi 4 veces mayor en los niños Ad, comparados con los SP/O. La TFS fue 0.534 ± 0.318 ml/min en Ad y 0.439 ± 0.234 ml/min en SP/O. El test de Pearson no evidenció correlación entre la TFS y el estado nutricional (r=0.004592, p=0.5977). A pesar que los niños con sobrepeso y obesidad tienen menor presencia de caries no se encontró correlación entre el estado nutricional y tasa de flujo salival.

Modéer T. et al. (2011) afirman que en las poblaciones deadolescentes obesos existe asociación entre reducción de tasade flujo salival y caries. El objetivo del presente estudio fuedeterminar la asociación entre el estado nutricional, la tasa deflujo salival y el riesgo de caries en preescolares. Se estudiaron60 niños de 3 a 6 años de edad, que concurrían a Jardines deInfantes del conurbano de la ciudad de Buenos Aires,Argentina. En este grupo de niños se midió el peso corporal yla talla. Se calculó el índice de masa corporal y se categorizó antropométricamente a la población según OMS 2007. (Programa WHO Anthro). Se determinó el riesgo de caries. La saliva se recolectó en frascos estériles, graduados, de bocaancha sin estimulación y sin restricciones alimentarias. Se determinó la tasa de flujo salival (TFS). El análisis estadísticos e realizó con el Test de Pearson. Presentaron caries el 56.7% (IC95%: 37.7-74.0) de los niños adecuados (Ad) antropométricamente y el 37.0% (IC95%: 20.1-57.5) de los niños con sobrepeso y obesidad (SP/O). El odds ratio paracaries (OR=3.78; IC95%: 1.2–11.8, p=0.02) fue casi 4 veces mayor en los niños Ad, comparados con los SP/O. La TFS fue 0.534 ± 0.318 ml/min en Ad y 0.439 ± 0.234 ml/min en SP/O.El test de Pearson no evidenció correlación entre la TFS y el estado nutricional (r=0.004592, p=0.5977). A pesar que los niños con sobrepeso y obesidad tienen menor presencia de caries no se encontró correlación entre el estado nutricional y tasa de flujo salival.

The influence of the type of birth and the mother´s diet on the breastfeeding period / La influencia del tipo de nacimiento y dieta materna en el período de lactancia

The prenatal aspects may influence the duration of breastfeeding of newborns, which when reduced harm to their development brings cranio-orofacial. Correlate the type of delivery and maternal diet with breastfeeding period. This was a descriptive study based on the records of the medical records of 820 dyads of mothers and newborns participating in the University Extension Baby Clinic. The results were analyzed, considering a significance level of 5 percent. The absence of complications during pregnancy was a positive factor for the occurrence of vaginal delivery in 94 percent of the sample (p< 0.001). It was found a high percentage of cesarean delivery (43 percent). The number of caesarean sections in women with cariogenic diet was higher than in women with non-cariogenic diet. The women who have a cariogenic diet does not have a tendency to breastfeed their children for more than 6 months (p<0.01). Also there was an association between vaginal delivery and longer period of 6 months of breastfeeding (p<0.001). The collected sample mode of delivery and maternal diet influence the duration of breastfeeding.

Los aspectos prenatales pueden influir en la duración de la lactancia materna de los recién nacidos y cuando ésta se reduce puede alterar el desarrollo cráneo- orofacial. El objetivo de esta investigación fue correlacionar el tipo de parto y la dieta materna con el tiempo de duración de la lactancia materna. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo sobre la base de los registros de las historias clínicas de 820 binomios madres-recién nacidos asistentes a la Clínica del Bebé de Extensión Universitaria. Se analizaron los resultados, considerando un nivel de significación del 5 por ciento La ausencia de complicaciones durante el embarazo fue un punto positivo para la ocurrencia de parto vaginal en el 94 por ciento de la muestra (p < 0,001). Se encontró un alto porcentaje de partos por cesárea (43 por ciento). El número de cesáreas en mujeres con dieta cariogénica fue mayor que en las mujeres con la dieta no cariogénica. Las mujeres que tienen una dieta no cariogénica tenían una tendencia a amamantar a sus hijos durante más de 6 meses (p<0,01). También hubo una asociación entre el parto vaginal y mayor período de 6 meses de lactancia materna (p<0,001). En la muestra analizada el tipo de parto y la dieta materna influencian la duración de la lactancia materna.

Caries dental en adolescentes de una comunidad venezolana / Dental decay in adolescents of a Venezuelan community

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 240 adolescentes de 12-14 años de edad, atendidos en la consulta de Odontología de la comunidad de Palmira, Estado de Táchira, de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, desde enero hasta septiembre de 2011, para identificar los principales factores de riesgo que favorecieron la aparición de caries. En la serie, la prevalencia de caries fue 83,3 por cada 100 niños examinados y se comprobó que el cepillado deficiente y la ingestión de alimentos ricos en carbohidratos influyeron en que el índice de dientes cariados-obturados y perdidos fuera elevado, de manera que se recomienda realizar acciones educativas para lograr estilos de vida más saludables en este grupo poblacional.

A descriptive and cross-sectional study of 240 adolescents with 12-14 years, assisted in the Odontology Department of Palmira community, Táchira state, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela was carried out from January to September, 2011, to identify the main risk factors favoring the cavity was found. In the series, the cavity prevalence was 83.3 every 100 examined children, and it was proven that the scarce brushing and the ingestion of foods rich in carbohydrates influenced on the high index of damaged-filled and lost teeth so that it is recommended to carry out educative actions to achieve healthier lifestyles in this populational group.